Background: In non-uremic populations, rs4803217 in the IFNL3 messenger RNA 3’ untranslated region or rs12980275 downstream of IFNL3 is connected with the spontaneous or therapeutic clearance of HCV and HBV, and rs12980275 is correlated with plasma IFN- 3 levels. Moreover, rs12980275 is associated with the sustained virological response following antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients. Objectives: We investigated IFNL3 polymorphisms, rs4803217 and rs12980275, for association with responsiveness to HBV vaccine and natural consequences of HBV and HCV exposure among hemodialyzed individuals. Methods: The capacity to produce protective anti-HBs titers was recognized if they were  10 IU/L after vaccination or natural exposure. The IFNL3 rs4803217 (G>T) and rs12980275 (A>G) genetic variants were analyzed using a high-resolution melting curve method in 1, 337 hemodialysis subjects. Plasma IFN- 3 was determined in 188 individuals using ELISA. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied for the analysis of survival probability. Results: The tested polymorphisms did not show associations with the capacity to generate protective anti-HBs titers after HBV vaccination or exposition and self-limitation of HBV exposure. Natural HCV clearance was connected with the IFNL3 rs4803217 GG genotype (OR: 3. 036, 95% CI: 1. 544-5. 969, P = 0. 001) and haplotypes comprising at least two more frequent alleles but without any variant allele of IFNL3/IFNL4 genetic variants (P < 0. 05). Plasma IFN- 3 levels were not directly influenced by IFNL3 rs4803217 and rs12980275, but differed concerning HBV/HCV serum markers (P = 0. 00005) and firmly correlated with anti-HBs titers (r = 0. 537, P = 4. 15E-16). Both tested polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the survival of hemodialysis patients. Conclusions: Genotyping IFNL3 rs4803217 may be advantageous in the prognosis of natural HCV clearance but does not predict the self-limitation of HBV exposure, responsiveness to HBV vaccine, or hemodialysis patients’ mortality.

Although Hepatotropic Viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are well-identified viral agents for the development of hepatitis, infection with some other Viruses may lead to varying degrees of liver injury. Moreover, the hepatic pathogenicity of a few viral agents still remains to be determined. In recent years, viral agents such as TTV and SEN virus with possible hepatic pathogenicity have been introduced. SEN virus has been reported with different rates of prevalence in high-risk groups such as dialysis patients, and low-risk groups such as blood donors. Identification of the SEN virus as a possible etiological agent of parenteral transmission hepatitis led to a major concern about the possibility of its role in liver diseases in hemodialysis patients as well as in renal transplant recipients. This manuscript provides an updated integrative review on SEN virus from virological aspect as well as epidemiologic and diagnostic medicine. Moreover, its role in liver diseases considering the co-infection with other Hepatotropic Viruses has also been reviewed.

Dear Editor: In most Asian countries, with a general carrier rate of 5%–35%, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyperendemic (1). HBV is a member of Hepadnaviridae, a family of enveloped Hepatotropic DNA Viruses. It has a circular, partially double-stranded DNA of 3200 nt (2)….

Background: Pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis relates to various underlying causes including viral infections. Both Hepatotropic and non-Hepatotropic Viruses may induce liver failures in infants before birth, during delivery, or shortly after birth.Objectives: The tissue impact of HCMV, HSV, HBV, HCV, and rotavirus and adenovirus infections was evaluated in studied infants with neonatal hepatitis.Methods: The history of viral infections was analyzed in paraffin-embedded biopsy and autopsy tissues of 22 infants with neonatal hepatitis between years 1996 and 2007, retrospectively. The tissue molecular presentation of HBV, HCV, HCMV, HSV, adenovirus, and rotavirus was evaluated by different qualitative simple and nested PCR and RT-PCR protocols. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used for studying the antigenic prevalence of HSV-1, 2; HBV, HCMV and adenovirus infections. Also the laboratory liver indices of all patients with neonatal hepatitis were analyzed.Results: The HBV and HSV genomes were detected in 3 (14%) of 22 infants. The rotavirus and HCV-RNA and also the HCMV-DNA were detected separately in 1 (4%) of 26 paraffin-embedded autopsy and biopsy tissues. The HBV and HSV-1 specific antigens were separately diagnosed in 1 (4%) of 26 neonatal samples by IHC protocols. Also the HSV-2 antigen was seen in 5 (23%) of 22 liver autopsy and biopsy specimens. Co-infections with HCMV, HSV, HBV, HCV, and rotavirus were detected in these infants with hepatitis.Conclusion: Diagnosis of single and mixed molecular and antigenic traces of HCMV, HSV, HBV, HCV and rotavirus underlines the etiologic role of these Viruses in clinical pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis.

Background: In the 21st century, the world has been facing several emerging viral epidemics. These Viruses are divided into two categories, including emerging Viruses and re-emerging Viruses. Factors, such as climate change, global warming, and some eating habits will have irreversible effects on human, animal, and environmental ecosystems. These emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases have significant effects on the world economy and health. The peak of this type of infectious disease appeared in the 1980s with a viral epidemic called human immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV). These emerging or recurring Viruses have affected both livestock and humans. There is evidence that these emerging or re-emerging Viruses, influenced by the environment and the human diet are also affected by climatic cultures. Therefore, it would be possible to identify the center areas for the emergence or re-emergence of these viral diseases. In this review article, it has been attempted to identify world resources and the way we should be prepared for a confrontation with these deadly Viruses through the study of these epidemics, emerging, and re-emerging Viruses, since the mutated viral infections may emerge and re-emerge in the near future. For this review study, the keywords, including COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-COV2, Influenza virus (H1N1), Zika virus, HIV1 virus, Hanta virus, Ebola, Influenza (H5N1), Nipah, Hendra, West Nile fever, SARS-COV1, MERS-CoV were collected in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other reputable databases.

Hepatitis Viruses are infectious agents that can infect liver and cause inflammation. The infection triggers immune response against infected cells that leads to the destruction of hepatic cells. This destruction has two consequences: leaking ALT and AST liver enzymes which increases during the course of disease and accumulation of bilirubin- a red pigmented compound released from dead red cells- which causes the yellow coloration of eyes and skin. These Viruses transmit through diverse routes i.e. blood transfusion, sexual contacts and consuming water or food contaminated by feces. Enteric hepatitis Viruses use the latter route for transmission, hence their outbreaks are more common in underdeveloped countries. There are currently two distinguished enteric hepatitis Viruses, hepatitis A and hepatitis E. These Viruses belong to different family of Viruses and their epidemiological characteristics are different. These infections can be diagnosed by an ELISA for IgM antibody. A vaccine has been developed in last decade of twentieth century for hepatitis A virus, which is administered mostly in the developed world i.e. U.S and Japan. Treatment for these infections is mostly supportive; however, in the case of fulminant hepatitis the liver transplantation might be necessary.